Asaxi-language rows follow the case and punctuation rules in the orthography
standard. Proper nouns, proper and place names, and borrowed terms therefore
remain in full capitals in surface and morpheme rows; ordinary native material
remains lower case. Full example sentences are plain text; do not bold or
italicize their content. Upper-case grammatical gloss codes remain upper case
because they are metalanguage rather than Asaxi.
1. Technical & Formatting Limitations
Note on Alignment: Standard linguistic glosses rely on tab-aligned text to match morphemes vertically. Due to the technical limitations of the current editor/software environment, Asaxi glosses are presented using Markdown Tables. Each cell corresponds to a distinct phonological word or fused particle group.
2. General Rules
Morpheme Boundaries: Use hyphens - to separate distinct morphemes within a word (e.g., prefix-root).
Fused Elements: Use periods . when multiple grammatical functions are fused into a single unsegmentable element (e.g., SUBJ.DEF.W).
Grammatical Categories: Use small caps (simulated here with uppercase) for grammatical codes (e.g., PST, DEF).
Lexical Roots: Use lowercase English words for the translation of the root meaning.
3. List of Abbreviations
Noun Classification (Gender)
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
W
Warm Class
-nă, onă
C
Cold Class
-nýj, onýj
N
Neutral/Indefinite
anő
Relational Particles (Case Markers)
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
SUBJ
Subject (Objective/Marked Nominative)
to
SUBJ.EMO
Subjective Subject (Internal/Emotional)
ă
GEN
Genitive (Of)
sè
DAT
Dative (To/For recipient)
då
ACC
Accusative (Direct Object)
(Unmarked)
INS
Instrumental / Causal (By/Using)
bă
ALL
Allative (Towards goal)
ni
ABL
Ablative (From source)
izo
TERM
Terminative (Until)
måmå
COM
Comitative (With)
zá
ATT
Attributive / Type / Material
ga
TOP
Topic / Passive Patient
dhè
REF
About / Concerning
ăni
Determiners & Demonstratives
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
DEF
Definite Article
onă, onýj
INDEF
Indefinite Article
anő
SPEC
Specific Indefinite (“A certain”)
ponă, ponýj
PROX
Proximal Demonstrative (This/Here)
o-
MED
Medial Demonstrative (That/There)
no-
DIST
Distal Demonstrative (Yonder)
ko-
ABS
Absent/Missing Demonstrative (That missing…)
gă-
Pronouns
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
1SG
I
wo
2SG
You
no
3SG.M
He
xő
3SG.F
She
ko
3SG.NB
They (Non-binary/Singular)
gő
3SG.INAN
It
jo
1PL
We
wa
2PL
You (All)
na
3PL.M
They (Male group)
xa
3PL.F
They (Female group)
ka
3PL.NB
They (NB group)
gja
3PL.INAN
They (Things)
hja
REFL
Reflexive
ni- (prefix)
RECIP
Reciprocal
gőnigő
INT
Interrogative (Who, What, etc.)
k- words
Tense (Prefixes)
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
PST
Simple Past / Perfective
zè-
PST.SUBJ
Subjective/Memoric Past
sỏ-
FUT
Future
pa-
IMM
Immediate (Just now/About to)
o-
REM
Remote / Mythic
ko-
PLUP
Pluperfect / Past-Future
hù-
PRES.SUBJ
Subjective Present (Feeling)
mi-
Aspect & Mood (Prefixes/Suffixes/Particles)
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
NEG
Negation
fů- (prefix), ná (particle)
ITER
Iterative (Again/Re-)
na-
INC
Inceptive (Start to)
ni-
CESS
Cessative (Stop)
tomo’ (post-verbal)
DES
Desiderative (Want to)
jå-
CON
Conative (Try to)
xè-
IMP
Imperative
hè
OPT
Optative (Hope/Wish)
dăxă, xădăchỏxă
POT
Potential (Can)
ken
SUBJNC
Subjunctive (Would/Hypothetical)
xăxă
COND
Conditional (If)
chě
Relational Locative Prefixes (Spatial Roots)
These roots function as prefixes on nouns to define location, or as roots for Spatial Verbs.
Note on Homophony: Several spatial roots share forms with Tense/Aspect prefixes (e.g., pa- is both Front and Future; na- is both On and Iterative; hù- is both Behind and Pluperfect). Gloss based on context: if attached to a noun, it is likely Locative; if attached to a verb stack, it is Tense/Aspect.
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
LOC.IN
Inside / Enter
va-
LOC.OUT
Outside / Exit
pă-
LOC.ON
On / Cover
na-
LOC.BEHIND
Behind
hù-
LOC.MID
Middle
ỏ-
LOC.BESIDE
Beside / Flank
ba-
LOC.FRONT
Front
pa-
LOC.ABOVE
Above / Hover
xa-
LOC.BELOW
Below / Underlie
pù-
LOC.WAND
Somewhere / Wander
gă-
Verbal Derivation (Bridges)
Standardized as BRG.Type
Note on Notation: While traditionally called “Mode Infixes” in Asaxi grammar, these morphemes structurally function as suffixes (interfixes) appearing between the root and the verbalizer (Root-Bridge-VBZ). They are not inserted inside the root. Therefore, standard Leipzig hyphens (-) are used instead of infix angle brackets (< >). The tag BRG is used to explicitly label this derivational slot.
Note on Ambiguity (-x-): The form -x- is used for the Interaction Bridge (BRG.INTER) but also functions as a phonological Epenthetic Bridge to prevent hiatus (e.g., ni-x-ijo). In purely phonological contexts, use the code EP (see below), not BRG.INTER.
Code
Meaning
Asaxi
EP
Epenthetic (Hiatus Bridge)
-x-
VBZ
Verbalizer Suffix
-ů
BRG.PERF
Performance (Function/Use)
-n-
BRG.INTER
Interaction (Force/Do to)
-x-
BRG.SEMB
Semblance (Act like)
-w-
BRG.TRANS
Transformative (Turn into)
-k-
BRG.GEN
Generative (Create)
-ŕ-
BRG.PRIV
Privative (Remove)
-sh-
BRG.SUBJ
Subjective (Feel like)
-ch-
Other Common Codes
Code
Meaning
PL
Plural (-ma)
COP
Stative Particle (xiŕa)
NEG.COP
Negative Stative (nèŕa)
PTL
Particle (General/Discourse)
Q
Question Particle
AUG
Augmentative (dă-)
CMPR
Comparative (na- / pù-)
SUP
Superlative (nă- / nýj-)
4. Examples
Example 1: Basic Transitive Sentence
Asaxi: to wo onă gaposhěso ijo. Free: I see the red book.
Asaxi
to
wo
onă
gaposhěso
ijo
Morphemes
to
wo
onă
ga-apo-shěso
ijo
Gloss
SUBJ
1SG
DEF.W
ATT-red-book
see
Example 2: Verbal Negation & Derivation
Asaxi: wo shěso zènáshěsonů. Free: I did not read (the) book.