hùnå (ALREADY Aspectual Marker) - Already

hùnå (18_Conjunctions & Clause Linking)

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hùnå

Grammatical function

• Type: Temporal Particle / Aspectual Adverb
• Function: Perfective State Marker
• Meaning: “Already”, “Previously”, “By now”.

Logic & Etymology

hù (Behind) + nå (Now).

• Lit: “Behind-now.”
• Logic: The action is temporally located “behind” the current moment; it is already part of history.
• Symmetry: Opposed to panå (Front-now / Not yet).

Syntax

Placed at the end of the sentence or clause.

• Structure: [Action] hùnå.

Example sentences

Standard Past: To wo zèchỏnů hùnå. I have already eaten.

With Pluperfect (Emphasis): Shěsokam hùzèchěcho’ hùnå. The library had already closed. (Double “Behind” emphasizes the remoteness).

Antonyms

• panå (Not yet).
• nå (Now / Currently).