bă (Relational Particle) - by means of, by, through, by (during)

bă (Relational Particle)

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bă

Grammatical function

• Particle type: Relational Particle (NPCP)
• Function: Instrumental / Perlative / Causal / Temporal Case Marker
• Meaning: Indicates the tool, method, path, cause, or duration associated with an action (“Using”, “With”, “Via”, “Through”, “Because of”, “During”).

Usage Notes

1. The Perlative Construction (Motion Through/Along): Combines with locative prefixes to describe movement through space.
   • Along: bă + [Noun] (Using the object as a path).
   • Through: bă + va- (Inside) + [Noun] (Via the interior).
2. Causality (Because of): Marks the agent or force that compels an event to happen. This is the active counterpart to the predicative form băŕa (“to be caused by”).
   • Logic: “Action happens by means of [Force].”
3. Temporal Duration (During/Throughout): Marks the passage through a specific period of time.
   • Logic: “Action happens via the [Time Period].”
   • Contrast: Unlike måmå (Until), which stops at the limit, bă implies enduring the entire duration.

Pronunciation

IPA: /baɪ/

Example sentences

1. Perlative Path (Along/Via) John bă shosa aśù. John walks along the road.

2. Causal Case (Because of) John bă topo shěsonůná. John does not read because of the rain.

3. Temporal Duration (Throughout) John bă mao shěsonů. John reads through the night.

Alternative Forms

x

Antonyms

Null

Derived terms

• băŕa (Predicative Fusion): The result of fusing bă + xiŕa. Means “To be caused by” or “To be made by”.
• nábăŕa (Negative Predicative): Means “Is not made by”.