jhaná (particle) - but-not; links two nouns or more nouns

jhaná (02_Particles in Asaxi)

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jhaná

jhaná

Grammatical function

• Particle type: Connective Particle (Coordinator)
• Function: Adversative Nominal Conjunction (“But not”)
• Meaning: Links two nouns or more nouns while strictly excluding the ones that follow.

Syntax Rules

• Placement: Placed between the included noun(s) and the excluded noun(s).
• Binding: It creates a “Subtractive List.” The case marker (like to or zá) applies only to the nouns before it; the rest are explicitly negated by the particle itself.
• Interaction with Lists: It can follow a standard ja list.
  • Structure: [A] ja [B] jhaná [C] (A and B, but not C).

Pronunciation

IPA: /d̠ʒanɑ/

Pitch Accent

• Morae: jha · ná
• Pattern: L · H
• Class: lexical

Etymology

A fusion of the clause connector dzè (But) and the polarity particle ná (Not).

• Shift: dzè + ná → dzná → jhaná.

Antonyms

ja (particle)

Example sentences

Example 1

• Asaxi: to john jhaná mary xoxo.
• English: Subject exclusion: John, but not Mary, departs.
• Polish: x

Example 2

• Asaxi: apa ja jága jhaná gajýnnapo ma.
• English: Object exclusion (complex list): I have apples and blueberries, but not a hyena-apple.
• Polish: x

Analysis

Example	Gloss
1	SUBJ John BUT.NOT Mary depart
2	apples AND blueberries BUT.NOT hyena-apple have