ů (02_Asaxi Verbs_ů (List))
ů
Transitivity / Valency
Intransitive / Copular Connects the Subject to a Complement (Adjective, Noun, or Role).
Lexical Aspect
Activity: A dynamic, continuous state that requires energy or intent to maintain.
Grammatical Note
This is the Active Copula. It contrasts with:
- xiŕa (Static Copula): Defines unchangeable facts/identity.
- xů (Active Transitive): Defines manipulation/handling (“To do”).
The -b- Bridge Rule:
- For prefixes ending in a Pure Vowel (e.g.,
zè,pa),ůuses the bridge -b-. - For preceding words ending in a Pure Vowel (e.g.,
shějýnshá), ů uses the bridge -b-. - Prefixes or words ending in a Diphthong (e.g.,
sỏ,dă) do not require a bridge.
Semantic Field
Smntc_Field Existence / Smntc_Field Behaviour
Pronunciation
IPA: /uu̯/
Translations
- English: to be (not necessarily intrinsically)
- Polish: być (w danej chwili)
Usage & Tense Conjugation (The Matrix)
| Tense | Prefix | Compound | Meaning | Logic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | (None) | ů / bů | Is being | Current active state. |
| Past | zè- | zèbů | Was being | -b- bridge applies. |
| Future | pa- | pabů | Will be | -b- bridge applies. |
| Imm. Past | ozè- | ozèbů | Was just being | -b- bridge applies. |
| Imm. Future | opa- | opabů | Is about to be | -b- bridge applies. |
| Dist. Past | kozè- | kozèbů | Used to be | -b- bridge applies. |
| Subj. Past | sỏ- | sỏů | Felt like was | No bridge (Diphthong). |
| Subj. Pres. | mi- | mibů | Is feeling | -b- bridge applies (or -j-? Standard logic for mi is -j-, but ů prefers -b-. mibů is clearer than mijů). |
Example Sentences (Contextual)
1. Present (Performance)
To John shějýnshá bů.
SUBJJohnteacherACT.BE“John is being a teacher.” (He is currently teaching/acting the role).
2. Standard Past (Behavior)
Vwo, to John gavină zèbů.
Today,SUBJJohngoodPAST-be“Today, John was (being) good.” (He behaved well).
3. Distant Past (Change of State)
To o-kamm sỏnidănă kozèbů.
SUBJthis-buildingonce-bigDIST.PAST-be“This building used to be big long ago.” (It maintained a state of bigness, but has since changed).
4. Immediate Future (Warning)
Nă! To xő jýnă opabů!
Stop!SUBJheloudIMM.FUT-be“Stop! He is about to be loud!” (He is on the brink of shouting).
5. Pluperfect (Sequence)
John xogă vå, Mary hùzèbů.
JohnarriveWHEN,MaryPLUP-be“When John arrived, Mary had (already) been (there/active).”
Derived terms
- ůná (Negative: To not be / Refuse to be).
- Past Negative: zèná-b-ů (Was not being).